On July 1, 2022, the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) rescinded a decision in the matter of Z-R-Z-C. This rescission overturned a decision made by the former Trump administration. Now, immigrants with temporary protected status who travel abroad on advance parole can use that parole to satisfy a requirement for adjustment of status.
What Was Z-R-Z-C?
Under the former Trump Administration, immigrants with Temporary Protected Status, or TPS, who travelled outside the United States on advance parole, would have trouble applying for adjustment of status after returning. This decision also impacted DACA recipients who travelled abroad on advance parole. The Z-R-Z-C decision held that travel outside the United States under advance parole did not satisfy the requirements of being "inspected and admitted or paroled" for the purposes of adjustment of status.
How Does Advance Parole Travel Impact Adjustment of Status?
When applying for an adjustment of status, USCIS requires that the applicant be "inspected and admitted or paroled" in the United States. Many people with TPS or DACA previously entered the United States illegally, which would disqualify them from applying for adjustment of status. One way to overcome that obstacle is to travel abroad and return to the United States on advance parole. That re-admittance on advance parole would satisfy the "inspected and admitted or paroled" requirements for applying for adjustment of status.
However, under the Z-R-Z-C decision, DACA recipients or those with TPS could not use their advance parole travel to satisfy the requirements for adjustment of status.
What Is the Impact of the Z-R-Z-C Rescission?
Now that the Z-R-Z-C decision has been rescinded, or overturned, USCIS will permit applicants to use advance parole travel to satisfy requirements for adjustment of status. This means that those with TPS or DACA can travel abroad on advance parole, and use that admission for the purpose of obtaining additional immigration benefits, such as a green card.
USCIS has also announced that it will issue new travel authorization documents for TPS beneficiaries, and that those with existing advance parole documents may continue using them through their expiration date.
When the United States decided in 2021 to pull military operations out of Afghanistan, the Taliban quickly reassumed power throughout the country. The shift in power triggered a mass evacuation and severe refugee crisis, as hundreds of thousands of Afghans fled the violence and tyranny of the new regime. Over 76,000 of those refugees came to the United States, with thousands being housed and paroled at U.S military bases while future resettlement plans were slowly being determined.
The U.S. State Department and USCIS created a Special Immigration Visa (SIV) program for Afghans who assisted U.S. military operations in Afghanistan. Because the eligibility requirements for the SIV program are extremely narrow, most Afghan refugees entered the country through the humanitarian parole process. However, humanitarian parole provides only a temporary visa for evacuees to reside in the United States, and does not provide a clear path to permanent citizenship. After two years, if refugees have not extended their temporary protected status or have not gained permanent resident status, they can lose their ability to work in the United States, lose access to healthcare, and ultimately could be deported.
Unlike refugees in other refugee resettlement programs, Afghan refugees in the United States have limited options for gaining lawful permanent status. The most common option is to apply for asylum, but that process is very lengthy and there is a currently a backlog of over 1.4 million cases. In addition, as refugees evaded Taliban forces during their evacuation, many had to destroy documents or evidence that would otherwise be needed for their asylum applications. The SIV program faces a similar backlog problem, and only applies to certain Afghans due to its very narrow eligibility requirements.
Without a clear path to permanent residency, most Afghan refugees are left with uncertainty about their futures. Relying on temporary protected status leaves Afghan refugees in limbo, and hinders their ability to resettle in the United States or to reunify with family members still stuck in Afghanistan or other countries.
In response to the challenges that Afghan refugees are experiencing with the U.S. immigration system, a bipartisan group of U.S. Senators and Representatives have joined together to introduce the Afghan Adjustment Act. Introduced in both the Senate and the House of Representatives, the Afghan Adjustment Act would provide Afghan refugees with a pathway to lawful permanent resident status.
After 1 or 2 years has passed since being paroled in the United States, Afghans could apply for their green card after completing additional security vetting. The Act would also expand the SIV program to include additional groups who supported or worked alongside military operations in Afghanistan, including the Afghan Air Force and Female Tactical Teams of Afghanistan.
The Afghan Adjustment Act would give Afghan refugees certainty about their future in the United States, allowing families to resettle into their new communities, secure gainful employment, receive healthcare, and avoid deportation. Once refugees have gained the lawful permanent resident status, they can eventually apply for full citizenship. As citizens, they would be able to sponsor family members who are abroad, ultimately reunifying families in the United States.
In the past, the U.S government has enacted similar policies that provided special immigration options for refugees. Such policies have come in response to war-zone or humanitarian evacuations caused by the rise of Fidel Castro in Cuba, military actions in Iraq, and the fall of Saigon in the Vietnam War.
San Francisco & Bay Area immigration attorney Spojmie Nasiri was quoted in a press release from U.S House of Representative Earl Blumenauer's (D-OR) office regarding the Afghan Adjustment Act:
"In the last two decades Afghans have sacrificed their lives with a mere dream that the U.S. will deliver on their promise of peace and prosperity
"We owe justice to these Afghan parolees and the Afghan Adjustment Act can be one of the best ways to pay back and put an end to their legal limbo. The Afghan Adjustment Act will enable a pathway for over 76,000 Afghans to attain permanent legal resident status in the United States. Indeed, it is one of the fastest ways to help Afghan parolees reunite with their families.
"In the last year, thousands of my fellow Afghans, young and old, left their homes with merely the clothes they were wearing. It is the United States’ moral obligation to keep up with their promise of helping Afghans, who have stood shoulder to shoulder with our government, and their mission in Afghanistan through thick and thin."
–Spojmie Nasiri
The bicameral legislation was introduced by a bipartisan group of lawmakers earlier in August 2022. Should the Afghan Adjustment Act pass and be signed into law, it would give hope, certainty, and stability to thousands of Afghan families who are trying to rebuild their lives in the United States.
Marijuana and cannabis has been a popular topic in the media recently. As some states have legalized some forms of medicinal or recreational use, the cannabis industry has been booming, generating billions of dollars in tax revenue. Other states are considering updates to their laws or have questions for voters to answer in upcoming elections. There has also been a national debate about legalization and expungement of those convicted of non-violent crimes involving marijuana.
Despite all the buzz and hype, marijuana remains a Schedule 1 drug according to the United States Controlled Substance Act. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved marijuana or cannabis for any medical use. As it stands currently, under Federal law it is still illegal to possess, consume, grow, or sell marijuana – even in states that have legalized it.
Immigration law involves Federal courts and proceedings, and so the Federal law relating to marijuana supersedes any state laws or provisions that allow the use or possession of cannabis. As a result, marijuana use or possession can have a significant impact on the immigration status of noncitizens and the admissibility of those applying for immigration status.
Because marijuana possession and use is still illegal under Federal law, it can be used against noncitizens, whether they committed a crime or not. Even legal consumption in a state that allows medical or recreational use can establish a basis for immigration penalties, according to updates made the to USCIS practice manual in April 2019. This includes smoking marijuana, consuming edible cannabis, and using electronic THC vapes.
For those applying for permanent or temporary immigration status, USCIS can determine that a person is inadmissible based on their admission that they possessed or consumed marijuana. Lawful employment in the cannabis industry can also be used to disqualify applicants. Even green card holders who travel abroad can be denied re-entry to the United States, or even deported under certain circumstances.
Convictions for marijuana-related crimes result in the most serious consequences to immigration status. If convicted, it can be grounds for deportation and prohibit applicants from establishing good moral character. While green card holders can't be deported for convictions related to a single incident involving the possession of 30 grams or less of cannabis for personal use, they can be barred from re-entering the United States from traveling abroad. Under certain circumstances, noncitizens can use a waiver of inadmissibility under INA section 212(h) to challenge the determination.
Admitting to marijuana use cannot be used as grounds for deportation. However, admission can be used to determine a noncitizen is inadmissible, under the controlled substance grounds. As a result, noncitizens should never admit to doctors, immigration officials, or law enforcement that they have possessed, grown, consumed, or sold marijuana. Even if the possession or consumption was done in a state where it is legal, the noncitizen should never voluntarily admit to it and should protect themselves from accidental admissions in communications and social media.
So, if you are a noncitizen applying for a green card, temporary protected status, deportation defense, or full citizenship, you should not buy, sell, grow, possess, or use marijuana, or work in the cannabis industry. Below are series of tips for avoiding scrutiny related to marijuana possession & use.
In 2011, the United States Citizenship & Immigration Service (USCIS) created a new type of Employment Authorization Document, or EAD, for green card holders.
This new EAD was called a "combo card", which served dual purposes: an authorization to work in the United States and an advance parole authorization for traveling outside the United States and returning without having to apply for a visa.
These combo cards looked very similar to a standard EAD, but had language at the bottom indicating that the card serves as I-512 advance parole. USCIS combined these processes to make it easier for green card holders – they need only one document for employment and for travel. Since many people would apply for employment authorization and advance parole at the same time, the combo card made sense.
However, there has been a growing backlog of I-765 applications, causing significant delays and increases in processing times. Because applications for employment authorization are usually coupled with I-131 application for travel documents, the combo card process was adding to the delay.
As a result, USCIS announced that, effective February 1, 2022, they would stop issuing combo cards, and return to issuing separate documents for employment authorization and for advance parole. This move is intended to help decrease the backlog of employment authorizations. By processing I-765 applications independent of the I-131, USCIS can more quickly issue EADs. Applications for travel are now processed separately, and approved applicants receive a separate advance parole document.
Because of this move, it is important for green card holders to be aware that EAD cards issued after February 1, 2022 are not valid for travel outside the United States. In order to travel abroad without a visa, green card holders must also have a separate advance parole document.
The positive side of this new change is that processing times for I-765 applications for employment authorization should come down significantly, and green card holders with pending applications should receive their decisions faster.
The aftermath of the United States withdrawal from Afghanistan triggered a mass evacuation of Afghan refugees seeking to flee from Taliban rule. Amid the confusion, panic, and urgency, it was imperative for immigration law practitioners to band together, so they could provide answers, resources, guidance, and help to those most vulnerable.
In response, the American Immigration Lawyers Association (AILA) formed the AILA Afghan Response Task Force, a purely pro bono effort for assisting Afghans to evacuate safely and resettle in other countries. Pleasanton immigration attorney Spojmie Nasiri was a key member of the task force. The group created an evacuation listserv for posting updates about evacuations, spent countless hours and days answering questions and meeting with families, and also advocated for reforms to Congress. Spojmie and her task force organized members to help file humanitarian parole applications and assist with the resettlement of over 70,000 Afghans who evacuated to the United States.
As a result of the incredible work done by Spojmie and her team members, AILA recently announced that the Afghan Response Task Force is the recipient of the 2022 Michael Maggio Memorial Pro Bono Award, which recognizes outstanding efforts in providing pro bono representation in the immigration field. The group was recognized at the AILA Annual Conference in New York City this past June.
You can read more about Spojmie's recognition as part of the task force.
Spojmie was also recognized with the AILA President's Commendation award, for exemplary service to the president of the AILA organization.
On March 3rd, the US Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro Mayorkas announced that the country of Ukraine is designated for Temporary Protected Status, or TPS, because of the war and ongoing violence in the country caused by the invasion of the Russian army.
TPS is a temporary immigration status for those residing in the United States. The designation applies only to people from certain countries, and for a limited time. Temporary Protected Status allows people from a designated country to remain in the United States for a limited period of time. While in the United States, TPS allows people to apply for work permits and for travel outside of the United States. TPS also provides protection against detention and deportation by USCIS. The most recent announcement from the Department of Homeland Security grants TPS status for Ukraining nationals for a period of 18 months, so long as they have resided in the United States since March 1st, 2022.
Those wishing to take advantage of Temporary Protected Status must file an application and receive approval before receiving benefits. USCIS Form I-821 is the form to complete to begin the process, and it is a good idea to have an immigration lawyer assist you with the application and approval process. Only certain people may apply for Temporary Protected Status, which includes:
There are some conditions that would prevent someone from applying for Temporary Protected Status, which includes:
As part of the process, TPS applicants must provide several documents and pieces of information to confirm their eligibility for the program. These documents include:
Ukrainians may apply for work authorization by completing form I-765 Application for Employment Authorization, either as part of their initial TPS application or at a later date. Ukrainians may also apply to travel abroad by completing the form I-131 Application for Travel. While receiving protection under TPS, people may also apply for asylum, lawful permanent status, or other protected status if the person meets the requirements for those programs.
The application for TPS for Ukrainian nationals residing in the United States will be announced by USCIS on their website. Click here for the latest status and information: https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/temporary-protected-status or contact our law offices for more information and to get your application started.
Written by: Spojmie Nasiri
Published by: American Immigration Lawyers Association "Think Immigration" Blog
As I sat down in my seat on the plane, I closed my eyes to reflect on my seventh and final trip to the various military bases housing 85,000 Afghan refugees over the course of the last five months. I and so many other immigration attorneys and advocates have been filling a need to help counsel the evacuees and try and help them navigate our labyrinthine immigration system after leaving everything they know behind them.
Filled with so many mixed emotions and lost in my thoughts, I let out a deep sigh behind my mask, not realizing anyone would hear me. Suddenly, I felt a tap on my shoulder. I opened my eyes and the lovely lady sitting next to me asked if I was OK.
Embarrassed and caught off guard, I quickly assured her I was OK. She asked me my name and told me her name was Lan. She asked me if I was in New Jersey for work and I simply answered yes. I was lost in my own thoughts again and didn’t feel like talking.
A few minutes later, she asked me what kind of work I did. I told her I was an immigration lawyer and I was in New Jersey providing legal assistance to Afghan refugees. With the utmost affection, she put her arm on my shoulder and said “I am about to cry, I am one of those boat people from Vietnam.” She continued, ”Seeing those Afghan people running onto planes at the airport in Afghanistan made me so sad and reminded me of how my people suffered.”
I felt my eyes tear up and a lump in my throat. Truly Allah brings people together in his own ways. Brought together by fate, here we were on a plane, two immigrants sharing our stories, our different journeys to America. Putting aside my own thoughts and emotions, I encouraged her to tell me more. It was a story full of details and heartache.
70 years old now, Lan left Vietnam at the age of 25. She was taken to Australia on a boat, alone without her family. She was the oldest of 11 siblings and she was the only one her parents could financially afford to get out of Vietnam. For years she worked in Australia; she then came to the U.S. as a data IT worker on an employment visa, got her green card and became a U.S. citizen. She spent years working and supporting her large family in Vietnam. With pride, she told me she saved money to get each of her 10 other siblings out of Vietnam. She teared up telling me “Afghans need to have hope as this is the only thing that will get them through this difficult journey. I never imagined I would ever see my family, especially my parents again in Vietnam. I held on to hope, I worked hard and supported my family all those years ago and I finally got to see them again in Vietnam. Who would have imagined that when I left Vietnam? Tell your Afghan people hope will get them through.” I sat there in silence, taking in all her wisdom.
While many of the Vietnamese refugees escaped by boat, their journey at sea was perilous as the refugees faced dehydration, starvation, bad weather and rough seas. Countless perished at sea. Like them, the Afghan refugees endured unimaginable difficulties during the chaotic and dangerous evacuation from Kabul Airport in August 2021
Hundreds of thousands waited days amidst the chaos and dangerous conditions. As my clients and thousands of others sought their way through the unimaginable and dangerous crowds, they endured beatings by the Taliban with whips and sticks. Many fought their way through tear gas, extortions, and even a suicide bombing. Wives, children and elderly mothers and fathers were separated from their loved ones amidst the mayhem and left behind in Afghanistan. The images of death and destruction shared with me via WhatsApp during the evacuation are hard to forget. Some told me if hell existed on earth, it was at the Kabul Airport during the dangerous evacuation of August 2021.
Like my fellow Vietnamese brothers and sisters and other immigrants, current Afghan refugees who arrive to foreign shores will face similar struggles to learn a new language and a new culture, secure adequate housing and find the financial means to support themselves and their families as they resettle in small and large cities.
Here in the U.S., over the last six months, many Vietnamese Americans in the Bay Area and all across the United States have been supportive of the Afghan refugees and have provided much needed assistance in resettlement. Many in addition to Lan have told me that watching Afghans running and being packed onto military planes at the Kabul Airport reminded them of similar experiences they and their families experienced decades ago.
Because of their own experiences, the urge to help has led to people organizing fundraisers, offering their homes, furnishing apartments, providing cooked meals, starting political advocacy campaigns and building coalitions with other organizations to support the newly arrived Afghan refugees. Many have reached out me and said “I just cannot sit back and do nothing, tell me how I can help the Afghan refugees.”
In coalition building across the Bay Area, our Vietnamese brothers and sisters have stepped up to pay it forward. Like Lan and many other immigrants before us, I can truly say that many of us immigrants are all in the place we are today because decades ago, people from all walks of life with love in their hearts and compassion stepped up to help us when we needed it the most. We are the product of those selfless acts of kindness which will never be forgotten and for which we are forever grateful.
Indeed, with hardship comes ease. I have no doubt with Allah’s guidance, hope, patience and perseverance, these Afghan refugees will flourish in this land of opportunity like all those before them. No doubt, they are not alone in their journey to America. In Lan’s words, “hope is all we have to keep us going.”
Immigration attorney Spojmie Nasiri has been intimately involved in the situation with Afghanistan. As a former child refugee herself, Spojmie knows the challenges that thousands of families have faced in trying to find a new place to restart their lives.
As an immigration attorney with this unique background, Spojmie has been a frequent speaker and author about the refugee situation and the various immigration legal matters associated with the crisis.
In the Fall of 2021, Spojmie wrote the featured cover story for a magazine called Immigration Lawyers Toolbox, which provides important information for immigration attorneys across the country. Her cover story gave a narrative of the journey thousands of refugees faced as they fled the Taliban's advances in Afghanistan. Spojmie also discussed important legal information about the immigration challenges that refugees had faced and the immigration processes that will be involved going forward.
You can read the article below, or click the button to download a PDF copy of the cover story article.
Attorney Spojmie Nasiri has been a relentless advocate for Afghan refugees fleeing the crisis in Afghanistan.
As many Afghan families have fled to the United States seeking resettlement, they were housed at military bases across the country until more permanent accommodations can be established.
However, several months after the fall of Afghanistan to Taliban control, thousands of Afghans still remain housed at military bases.
Spojmie has made multiple trips to several of these military bases. She visits with Afghan refugee families, sharing her personal refugee story, inspiring hope, and answering questions about the immigration system in the United States.
Spojmie was interviewed on a radio segment of The World, as part of a piece titled "Why do more than 40,000 Afghans remain at military bases in the US?"
You can listen to the interview below, or click the button below to listen to the segment on The World.
We are now fully-immersed in the holiday season. And as we celebrate the season with gratitude for all of our blessings, we reflect on how important community is.
Through all the challenges of this past year, it is community that helped so many pull together and overcome. During the worst months of the pandemic, front-line workers in our community helped keep our country safe and moving forward. Throughout the United States, tens of thousands of Americans across the political spectrum have stepped forward to welcome Afghans who aided the U.S. war effort in one of the largest mass mobilizations of volunteers since the end of the Vietnam War.
Our amazing community is rich in diversity, goodwill, compassion, and selflessness. We are so grateful for the opportunity to serve clients in this community, so that spouses, parents, and children may resolve their immigration matters, bring their families together, and pursue their own versions of the American dream.
With all of the challenges that the world has faced over the past 20 months, our firm wanted to give back in a unique way. That's why this year, we are celebrating community by holding a toy drive to support Toys for Tots!
In lieu of our normal $100 initial consultation fee, new clients should instead bring in a donation of unwrapped toys (valued at ~$100)
Throughout the month of December, the Law Offices of Spojmie Nasiri, PC will be collecting toys for donation to Toys for Tots in Alameda County.
For those seeking an initial consultation for their immigration law matter, please bring in unwrapped toys valued at ~$100, and you pay no consultation fee! The gifts can be appropriate for children of all ages, from 3 years old to 18 years old. Please make sure that gifts are new & unopened – and also unwrapped. Most toys are accepted by Toys for Tots, but they will not distribute gifts with food or toys that look like a realistic weapon.
You may also choose to participate in our toy drive by bringing toys or ordering items to be delivered to our office*.
*If you do order toys to be delivered to our office, kindly send us a message at marketing@nasirilaw.com, so we know to be on the lookout for your delivery!
What age group should I purchase the toys for? All ages are accepted, from 3 years old up to 18 years old. So feel free to bring toys for all ages of kids!
Can I have toys delivered to the office by Amazon? Yes! You certainly can order and have toys shipped directly to the office. Please send us an email at marketing@nasirilaw.com or call us with tracking information, so that we know to look out for your shipment.
Will I receive a bill for legal services? No, you will not receive a bill for the initial consultation, which is normally $100. However, if you do elect to proceed with your case through our office, you will still be responsible for legal fees and all other fees. The initial consultation promotion only applies to initial consultations with new potential clients that take place during the month of December 2021.
What if don't wish to participate? If you do not wish to make a donation of toys, your initial consultation fee of $100 will be collected and our firm will purchase toys on your behalf.
Should I wrap the toy in gift wrap? No, the toys for donation should be UNWRAPPED, so it is clear what the item is. Please do not wrap the gift, and instead bring it in unwrapped.
Are their restrictions on what toys can be donated? Toys should be new and unopened. There are no restrictions of the type of toys, however Toys for Tots cannot collect toys that involve real food or weapons that look realistic.
